1. VIII. Jew and Gentile: Unity of Destiny (9:25-11:36)
    1. G. No Room For Pride (11:17-11:21)

Calvin (2/28/02)

11:17
The Gentiles have no reason to glory in their origins. All that is good in them has come from their inclusion in the stock of Israel. Footnote: Calvin's translation of this passage, which accentuates the fact that the Gentiles were grafted in in place of those Jews who had been cut off is more fitting with the tenor of the text. Normally, grafting occurs to join a lesser branch to good stock, or to join strong branches to a sickened stock. However, in this case, the analogy only holds for the grafting itself, as both branch and stock are to some degree sickened, until joined to God.
11:18
All room for arrogance in their race has been removed. In God, all depend equally on the covenant first established with Abraham. Both Jew and Gentile, in this regard, trace themselves back to the same root, the Jews by nature, the Gentiles by God's engrafting of them.
11:19-11:20
Those who are tempted to boast of God's having joined them to His people should remember that they were so joined by faith. "It is the nature of faith, and what properly belongs to it, to generate humility and fear." Footnote: This fear does not indicate that inward, living faith can be lost, but only refers to the outward professing of faith. (Jer 32:40 - I will put the fear of Me in their hearts so that they will not turn away from me.) True faith, God will sustain by the power to persevere, and that power lies in holy fear of God. Those who seemed to have faith but fell away, never knew true faith. Indeed, when we consider what we were, what we still are in some degree, it ought to break us, ought to drive us to our knees in dread fear of His just punishment, but this does not sustain us, nor does it keep the truly faithful from enjoying the consolation of His salvation. That fear, though it does not sustain us, does serve to cure us of pride. Pride is found with those who claim more right than they have. If we have done so, we ought rightly to fear. And if we fear, it will return us to our proper humility. The warning is not that salvation might be lost. The warning is that the flesh ever needs to be subdued, for it is ever rebellious. One must also recall that Paul is addressing the Gentiles at large, not individuals. Thus, there were doubtless many who proudly claimed a faith they did not actually possess. It is these conceited claimants that are being warned, and rightly so.
11:21
All self-confidence must be gone, when we consider what has occurred among the Jews. If they were not spared when their trust was in their own dignity rather than in God, what shall become of us if we likewise lose sight of Him who has saved us? We should ever remember this, and so cling the more firmly to our Lord and Savior. Again, this makes clear that the message is to the Gentile nation, for those God has saved He has saved irrevocably. Election is unchangeable, for it is God's purpose, and He does not change. Yet, if the Gentiles will exult themselves over the Jews, God will prepare an appropriate reward for their pride. We can also be certain that God will indeed be reconciled to His people, whom He has presently divorced.
 
 
 

Matthew Henry (3/1/02)

11:17
The Gentile church is warned to mind themselves, lest they too stumble. We are grafted in, but in this, God reverses the normal course of things, grafting barren branches to the healthier tree. "Men graft to mend the tree; but God grafts to mend the branch." The olive tree is often used as a reference to God's church. (Ps 52:8 - I am like an olive tree in God's house. I trust His lovingkindness forever. Hos 14:6a - He will sprout, and he will resemble the olive tree in beauty. Jdg 9:9 - The olive tree said, "Shall I leave behind my fruit, by which God and man are honored, and instead choose to rule over the trees?") The wild olive is mostly fruitless, and the bit of fruit that is produced is sour. So we were before God moved (v24). In conversion, we have been cut off from that wild tree, grafted into a new root, and now share in the abundance it provides. We receive from Christ's fullness. The olive tree is the visible church, to which we have been joined to fill the gaps left by the removal of the Jews. (Jer 11:16a - The LORD called you a beautifully made green olive tree.) Abraham, as the original recipient of the covenant, is the root of this tree. (Lk 19:9 - Jesus said that salvation had come to the house, because the owner of the house was a son of Abraham. Gal 3:14 - In Christ Jesus, the blessing of Abraham comes to the Gentiles, so that we can also receive the promise of the Spirit through faith.) All that was given to Israel; the way of salvation, the ministry, the ordinances, membership of children in the faith - all are also given now to the Gentiles.
11:18-11:19
This is no cause to insult those who were broken off, nor to consider them discarded entirely. Nor are the faithful among the Jews any lesser in status than the Gentile. Grace is intended to make us thankful, not proud. It is not for superior merit that we have been brought in, it is an act of grace that has joined us to the Jewish root. Abraham owes us nothing, yet we owe him much.
11:20
"We need not fear but God will be true to His word; all the danger is lest we be false to ours." (Heb 4:1 - Let us fear, so that not one of us will appear to have come short of the promise, so long as the promise of entering His rest remains.) "The evils that befall others should be warnings to us." (Jer 7:12 - Go to Shiloh, where once I made My name to dwell, and see what has become of it because of the wickedness of My people.) We have the opportunity to learn from Israel's sin, or to repeat it. It would seem that even the longest standing of churches may fall to such levels of infidelity to God that they cut themselves off. We are not so unlike Israel that we cannot possibly suffer the same fate.
11:21
As natural descendants of Abraham, theirs was a stronger claim upon the covenant rights, yet God did not spare them in their unbelief. (Mt 3:9 - Don't suppose that you can secure yourselves by claiming Abraham as your father. God could as easily raise up children to Abraham from these stones. Jn 8:33 - They claimed to be children of Abraham, never enslaved by any. Thus, they couldn't understand Jesus asking them how they would become free.) They were the original tenants in the vineyard, but they forfeited their rights to it, and it has been let to another. (Mt 21:41-43 - The said, "He will surely put an end to those wretches, and rent the vineyard to others, who will pay him properly." Jesus reminded them of the Scripture which declared that the builders had rejected the very stone which would become the LORD's cornerstone. It was because of this that the kingdom of God would be taken from Israel, and given to a nation that would be fruitful under its blessings.) Remember, then, how it is that you stand: in faith, which depends on grace from heaven. We are no more than God's grace has made us, and that at His pleasure. Unbelief destroys. Faith upholds. Our foundation is only as strong as continued faith.
 
 

Adam Clarke (3/1/02)

11:17
Though we were a fruitless people, devoid of the knowledge of God, yet we have been joined to the root of Abraham's faith, and given to share in the promises made to the patriarchs.
11:18
We must remember always that our inclusion in the blessings of Abraham has not been a source of blessing to the Jewish people, yet they have been the cause for all the blessings we now enjoy.
11:19
God's present displeasure with them may seem like cause to despise them, but it is not.
11:20
When we consider their state, we must remember why they are in that state: because of unbelief. Far from making us proud, it should humble us to remember this, for it is only by faith we stand where they have fallen. It is only God's mercy that has joined us to Himself, nothing in ourselves. They used to have faith, but they gave in to unbelief. What has happened to them could as easily happen to us. Be all the more jealous, therefore, for your own condition.
11:21
Be certain that God's justice and holiness are the same toward you as they are toward His chosen people. If He would not spare them in their unbelief, don't expect Him to be more lenient in your case. "Depend incessantly on God's free grace, that you may abide in His favor."
 
 
 

Barnes' Notes (3/2/02)

11:17
Those who care for trees may cut off a poor and fruitless branch, so as to insert a better one. The Gentiles were as a wild olive branch, similar to the Jews in many ways, yet fruitless because they had not been cultivated by God's word. The limb grafted in will bear fruit fitting to the tree it is grafted into. This is a method used to make a decaying tree fruitful again. So it was with the Gentiles and the Jewish church. What was a fruitless church was given new life. The church benefits from the engrafted Gentiles. The Gentiles benefit from the life-giving church, gaining the promises to Abraham.
11:18
Men tend to become prideful when they see others rejected, as much in the church as outside its walls. The Gentiles were in danger of such pride, so Paul reminds them of their dependence upon the historical Jewish nation. If pride comes at the thought of Israel's judgment, remember that it is baseless. Having once been so fruitless, where is the boast in becoming fruitful because of another? The blessing of fruitfulness comes to us through the Jews, from their God. The tree remains the tree, even though we are grafted in.
11:19
The Jews had been rejected so that the Gospel would reach the Gentiles. (Ro 11:11-12 - Their transgression brought salvation to the Gentiles, and if their sins have so enriched the Gentile world, imagine what will come when they are fulfilled!) Seeing how we have been favored over them by God, it might seem reasonable to boast. However, it wasn't for our aid that they were rejected, but for their unbelief.
11:20
Their rejection was not simply to allow others to be admitted, but because they would not believe. Thus, their rejection is a warning to all who would boast, for they could as easily be rejected for the same reason. It is faith that keeps us from such unbelief, and were that to fail, we too would be rejected. Far from pride, this thought should provoke caution. We are being exhorted to fear, and that fear is the opposition to boasting and self-confidence, it is the fear that is joined with humility. Those given high privilege must recognize the danger that their pride poses to themselves. Faith promotes humility and dependence on God. Salvation by faith promotes watchful care to preserve us from ruin.
11:21
He will no more spare you in your unbelief than He did His chosen people. There is no room for a prideful sense of security.
 
 
 

Wycliffe (3/2/02)

11:17
It must be remembered that Paul was writing specifically to the Roman church, which was largely Gentile in population. The comments of this section and the next are directed at these Gentiles specifically. To make his point, he continues with the metaphor of the root and the branches. As a wild olive branch, the Gentiles are made part of a cultivated root.
11:18-11:19
Yet, there is no room for boasting in this new position, for they depend on the root. In this, the unity of God's people, whether in the old or the new covenant, is stressed. Some would view this inclusion as cause to boast, but Paul disallows it.
11:20-11:21
The difference between the included branch and the removed branch is present faith. Rather than finding a false sense of security, the Gentile is to fear and respect God, for only there can he find true assurance. What He would not tolerate in the Jews, He will not tolerate in you.
 
 
 

Jamieson, Fausset & Brown (3/2/02)

11:17
If that consecration found in them through Abraham did not prevent their rejection, we ought to be warned by that. The fact that the majority in Israel were thus rejected has been softened again in Paul's wording. However, where it was done before to deal with Jewish prejudices, and allow himself a hearing in spite of their self image, now it is done to address Gentile pride. (Ro 3:3 - If some don't believe, that unbelief will not make God unfaithful. Ro 10:16 - They didn't all heed the news. As Isaiah had said, none appeared to believe his report.) Normally, it is the stronger that is grafted into the weaker, but the opposite is not unheard of. It is this latter mode that is used for the example at hand. The wild has been grafted into what remained of the cultivated, joined to the remnant of Israel, and sharing in the heritage of Abraham.
11:18
The engrafted branch has no cause to think itself more important than the tree to which it is joined. So, for us and Israel. (Jn 4:22 - You worship what you don't really know, but we worship what we know most truly, for salvation is from the Jews.)
11:19-11:20
'Faith cannot live in those "whose soul is lifted up."' (Hab 2:4 - As for the proud one, his soul is not right. But the righteous will live by faith. Pr 28:14 - Blessed is the man who fears always, but the hardened of heart will fall into ruin. Php 2:12 - As you have always obeyed, even when I am not there, obey even more in my absence, and work out your salvation with fear and trembling.)
11:21
Before they were removed, it seemed most improbable that the natural branches would be removed. Now that it's done, it would be no surprise for the engrafted branch to be removed for like cause.
 
 
 

New Thoughts (3/3/02-3/4/02)

Indeed, this passage would seem to say that salvation could be lost. Yet, God's purposes are not vain, they neither change nor fail. If, then, His purpose is our salvation, can we really think ourselves powerful enough to prevent Him? We were powerless to save ourselves. I find I must contend that we are equally powerless to prevent that salvation, if God has truly elected to save us. But what else are we to make of Paul's comment here, that God will as readily remove us as He has those branches before us?

Calvin is perhaps correct in aiming this statement at those who proclaim their faith falsely. However, I don't believe it is targeting those who have knowingly falsified the claim to faith. The Israelites did not set out to lie about their state with God. They believed it. They thought themselves to be doing all that was necessary. They thought they were living righteously. Not all, perhaps, but certainly a portion held to this belief. Yet God rejected them for the very simple reason that they were wrong, and when God brought correction to them, they refused to listen.

In the church today, many who think themselves doing all the right things are likely to be disappointed when they discover that they have been fooling themselves. Many in the church today still labor under the misconception that they can earn their way in, that they're 'good enough.' All they've been taught has failed to penetrate this conceit, and so they declare their faith, even as they deny it by their actions. It is the heart and habit that determine. If the heart and habit are faithless, we will indeed be purged from the tree of God's church. But if irrevocable salvation has come to us, then our heart and habit cannot but be firmly founded on faith.

We are blessed to have the example of the Jews to learn from, as well as the example of all those who have gone before us. God doesn't change. If He would not tolerate such unbelief in the Jews, He will neither tolerate it in the Christian of this century. Some out there are depending on their parents' beliefs to see them through, or on a ritual that was never accompanied by honest belief. How does this differ from the Jews? They were confident in their lineage, in their rite of circumcision. These physical connections to the ancestral covenants they thought were enough. But they weren't. If the consecration of sharing the root of Abraham's faith did not prevent rejection, no lineage of our own, no rite of our own, is going to suffice. There remains only the pure grace of God.

There is another danger we are warned of here, perhaps an even greater danger to us in this day and age, than that of unbelief. That warning is against our old enemy pride. Here, Paul had been pointing out to the Jews how it was that their position had been lost, and how it was that the Gentiles had come to take their place. And all the while, the Gentiles are listening, and perhaps relishing a little bit the way Paul was bringing this proud Jewish people to task. But Paul turns himself mentally, to see what's in their thoughts.

Yes, you have been privileged to take their place, he says, but do you think yourselves incapable of the same mistake? Already, in thoughts such as that, the mistake is begun again. A great privilege has been given you, but with that privilege comes a certain danger to yourself, the danger of pride. Today, our pride may not be a matter of our status compared to the Jews. It may be our status compared to some other denomination. It may be the freeness of our worship compared to some other believer. It may be the quality of our teaching compared to another. It may be our grasp of theology compared to another. Any of these things can cause pride to swell up in us. For that matter, just about anything is capable of bringing pride out in us. Yes, there are exceptions to this, but pride is still perhaps the most natural sin of man.

But God has issued many warnings about this. (Hab 2:4 - As for the proud one, his soul is not right. But the righteous will live by faith.) Look and note well: pride and faith stand utterly opposed. Pride is dependence on self, it is the self-sufficiency we so love to boast of. Faith is the direct opposite: full and utter dependence on another, on God. This is what we are called to. Here, God provides a curative for us, having so clearly defined the illness. Whenever pride slips in, says the prescription, remind yourself of these words: "I am a branch in need of the root. The root stands just fine without me." In this, pride is combated on two levels at once. First, we are forced to remember that without the root, we are deadwood. Without the foundation of Christ, we topple helplessly. Secondly, we are forced to remember that we are here solely by God's favor. He doesn't particularly need us to accomplish what He will. We certainly haven't done some great service to Him by accepting His offer of salvation, nor by any of the ministry we have done since. In all that, we have been no more than dutiful slaves. And, quite frankly, even if we had utterly failed in our duties (as Israel had largely done before us), He would have gotten the job done some other way. If man had completely and utterly failed God (which, in all reality it had), He would yet find a way to see His purposes done. That is the story of Christ. That is the story of man. That is the cure of pride. The tree remains the tree, even though we are grafted in. The tree will continue to be the tree, even if we must be cut off.

Barnes tells us that faith promotes humility and dependence on God. I'm not sure that's exactly true. I suspect that it might be more accurate to say faith largely consists of humility and dependence on God. They are inseparable. Calvin puts it thus: "It is the nature of faith, and what properly belongs to it, to generate humility and fear." This feels closer to it. One cannot claim faith in God and at the same time claim self-sufficiency. Faith in God is an open acknowledgement of our total insufficiency, our total inability to do anything about our condition.

That our faith is in God specifically, requires that we have some understanding of who He is. If we believe He can save us, where no other man or power has been able to, we must know that He is more powerful than any other power. If our faith is in the fact that God will save us, we must know something more about Him, that He is loving and merciful. If our faith has revealed our own needy condition, if we recognize that we are in need of this powerful, loving, and merciful God, we must know something even more important about Him; that He is holy and just. We must know that He is truly the Lord of heaven and earth, that He rules over His creation, and that He cannot be bought. Knowing Him, knowing us, we cannot but have a proper fear of Him.

In the end, we are no more than God's grace has made us. The self-made man is a myth, and a bad one at that. Perhaps not a myth, but if real, a very poorly made product. His every tendency is along the downward spiral, his every action is marred with the imperfections of his own making. It is God's grace that can repair the machinery of such a broken man. Only God's grace. Nothing but the blood of Jesus can cause that machine to run smoothly, to operate in accord with its original design. We are called, as Mr. Clarke says, to "Depend incessantly on God's free grace, that you may abide in His favor." That is the only way.